lit in english (drama and poetry)

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(2)

Santigi is the king of the village of Mando. He is a good and

just king who rules his people well. He is an impartial king.

He is the father of kindo. He is/was deceived by maligu to

support the strangers coming to the village. He easily trust

people and that is why maligu capitalizes on that to deceive

him. He is highly respected. As a king of Mando, hr counts

on whitehead’s promises that he will establish school to

teach his people. He feels happy that his people will soon

Know how to read and write. As an impartial king, he

banished kindo, his son when he commits murder. This rare

trait is hardly found these days among kings. His interest as

a king is for the village to be peaceful and progressive. This

is a mark of good leadership. He is a quintessence of good

leadership, impartial and truth.

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(8)

Tony Lumpkin, son of Mrs Hardcastle by her first husband

(Mr Lumpkin) and stepson to Mr Hardcastle. He is a

mischievous, uneducated playboy and a very consumptive

figure; a fat, ale-drinking young man who has little ambition

except to play practical jokes and to visit the local tavern

whenever be has a mind; frightens the maids and worries

the kittens. Proves to be good-natured and kind despite his

superficial disdain for everyone. do Mrs Hardcastle has no

authority over Tony, and their relationship contrasts with

that between Hardcastle and Kate.

Tony takes an interest in horses, “Bet Bouncer and

especially the alehouse, where he joyfully sings with

members of the lower-classes. When Tony comes of age, he

will receive 1,500 pounds a year. His mother hopes to marry

him to her niece, constance Neville, who is in line to inherit

a casket of jewels from her uncle. Tony and Miss Neville

despise each other It is Tony’s initial ception of Marlow, for

a joke, which sets up the plot Tony goes to great effort to

help Neville and Hastings in their plans to leave the country

because he despises her.

Tony’s free-wheeling ways of drinking and tomfoolery is

probably because of the huge inheritance that awaits him

when he comes of age.

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(10)

The mood is gloomy and sober with a corresponding tone of

lamentation and pessimism. There appears to be a shift in

tone in the last stanza as he expresses hope but he ends

the stanza on a pessimistic note.

As a result of the many years of failed governance, the

country experiences all kinds of social problems like

violence, robbery, insurgence, kidnapping thus becoming a

sabre-toothed tiger/a giant hawk . The youths and elder

statesmen refrain from agitation for fear of being

persecuted or repressed by government: While infants

shudder home/the grizzled ones snatch their gut/from

bayonets of tribulation/halting venturous walk at dusk .

In the last stanza, while the poet looks forward to a

generation that will take the nation out of its hopeless state

toward the shore of possibilities, his hope is threatened by

the ravenous nature of the ruling class: The land lies

patiently ahead/ awaiting in ambush , ready to devour the

future change- agents.

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(11)

Death is presented by the poet as a voyage in crossing the

bar. A voyage is a means of transportation from one

location to another or from one place to another. The poem

talks about passage to eternity. Death is an inevitable factor

in human existence and it causes when it comes. A means

of transportation or voyage means that one is at one

location and is being taken to another place. Man(all

humans) are on earth. A temporary location from where

they will pass to eternity. The means of pass to

eternity..”crossing the bar” is through death which is the

voyage. The poet imagines his death at sunset as the call of

nature comes. This sunset and evening which he maintains

in the first stanza are symbols of old age when the to be

transported should expect his/her voyage to the other

location where he/she hitherto has never been.

The poet sees death as an ultimate means for this voyage

which cannot be underscored. Though he emphasizes that

when he embarks, may there be no sadness of farewell. He

does not ask of hues and cries because he knows that

through this voyage called death he will meet his saviour

optimistically. This is captured in the last two lines of the

poem.

…I hope to see my pilot face to face

When I have crossed the bar